A mutualism is a cooperative association between individuals of different species. A mutualism may also be a symbiosis. Fungi are commonly involved in both mutualism and symbiosis, and interactions and the roles of mutualisms in ecology are targets of our research.

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Hoeksema J.D., J.D. Bever, S. Chakraborty, V.B. Chaudhary, M. Gardes, C.A. Gehring, M.M. Hart, E.A. Housworth, W. Kaonongbua, J. Klironomos, M.J. Lajeunesse, J.F. Meadow, B. Milligan, B. Piculell, A. Pringle, M.A. Rúa, J. Umbanhowar, W. Viechtbauer, Y.W. Wang, G.W.T. Wilson, P.C. Zee. 2018. Evolutionary history of plant hosts and fungal symbionts predicts the strength of mycorrhizal mutualism. Communications Biology 1, Article Number 116.

Bittleston L.S., N.E. Pierce, A.M. Ellison, A. Pringle. 2016. Convergence in multispecies interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) 31:269-280.

Richard F., L. Glass, A. Pringle. 2012. Cooperation among germinating spores facilitates the growth of the fungus Neurospora crassa. Biology Letters 8:419-422. [download]

Wolfe B.E., A. Pringle. 2011. Geographically structured host specificity is caused by the range expansions and host shifts of a symbiotic fungus. The ISME Journal 4:745-755. [download]

Roper, M, A Seminara, MM Bandi, A Cobb, HR Dillard, A Pringle. 2010. Dispersal of fungal spores on a cooperatively generated wind. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). 107(41): 17474-17479 [download]

Pringle, A. 2009. Quick Guide: Mycorrhizal networks. Current Biology 19(18): R838-R839. [download]